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I'm going to talk about the notion of ideas and progress.
The first antibiotic is discovered in nineteen twenty-eight by the doctor Alexander Fleming. He comes back to holidays and finds his london laboratory and his cultures of staphylococcus. He has the nasty surprise to notice that they are contaminated by a microscopic fungus, it's Penicillium notatum, used in a nearby laboratory. This type of contamination isn't rare but before get rid of cultures now that they are useless, he decides to examinate them carefully. He notices that staphylococcus don't grow around the fungus, he proposes like theory that this latter synthesises a substance which stop the developmentof bacterias and he calls it penicillin. Fleming publishes his discovery and talks about therapeutics possibilities but penicillin is very hard to purify and to isolate in enough quantities and it is soon forgot. Now we are going to explain how the discovery of penicillin revolutionised medecine.
The research of anti-infectious agents was very active at the beginning of the twentieth century and in particular during the first world war because infections of wounds were the first reason of soldier's death. But it's only at the beginning of the second world war that the pharmacologist Florey and the chemist Chain take agin the works on penicillin. They put in place a culture on a large-scale of a stem of Penicillium notatum obtained through Fleming and suceed to isolate a very low quantity, then a chemist was charged to purify it. Firsts tests in vivo show that penicillin enables to save mouses infected by streptococcus. Next, there are tests on humans: results are very spectacular, infections potentially mortals were cured in few weeks because of penicillin. Quickly, it acquires status of "miraculous medicine", but stocks are almost inadequate because of big difficulties to obtain it. In fact, Penicillium notatum only produces a weak quantity of penicillin and only in a medium rich in oxygen. It decrees to use cultures in surface and it’s more difficult to put in place than cultures in tank. Then, penicillin is very unstable, in particular at weak or high pH, who make its extraction and purification even more difficult.
Firsts tests on humans are very encouraging and Florey tries to involve British pharmaceutical’s firms in the development of the production. But the second world war prevents the realisation of this project in Great-Britain, it’s why researchers emigrate to USA with their precious stem of Penicillium notatum. Big americans pharmaceutical’s firms are included to the project in order to enable a large-scale production. Penicillin is considered like a strategy substance by american publics authorities and its production becomes a war effort : quantities obtained are promptly assign to armed force. A first factory of penicillin is opened and soldiers allies have penicillin for the landing in Normandy. Then, restrictions on penicillin’s delivery are removed because the production is enough ; it almost available in every pharmacies of the country. In nineteen forty five, Fleming, Florey and Chain receive a Nobel Prize of physiology-medicine for « the discovery of penicillin and her curatives impacts on many infectious diseases ».
But sadly, today bacterias by dint of multiply, endure mutations in their DNA which make them resistant to some antibiotics. For example, it's the case for staphylococcus aureus who resists to penicillin and who is a bacteria originally of many infections and food poisoning. Searchers have to tirelessly try to find new antibiotics and that become a race against time to avoid a therapeutic impasse.
I chose to put this topic in the notion of ideas and progress because penicillin is the first antibiotic discovered and which getted a massive industrialisation. Bacterials mortals diseases which didn’t exist a cure sixty years ago, can now be treated because of antibiotics. Today, we consider that their therapeutics utilisation allow to extend life expectancy around ten years, that’s it absolutely not negligible.
Language: English
Language Skills: Native speaker, Proficiency, Advanced
The first antibiotic is discovered in nineteen twenty-eight by the doctor Alexander Fleming. He comes back to holidays and finds his london laboratory and his cultures of staphylococcus. He has the nasty surprise to notice that they are contaminated by a microscopic fungus, it's Penicillium notatum, used in a nearby laboratory. This type of contamination isn't rare but before get rid of cultures now that they are useless, he decides to examinate them carefully. He notices that staphylococcus don't grow around the fungus, he proposes like theory that this latter synthesises a substance which stop the developmentof bacterias and he calls it penicillin. Fleming publishes his discovery and talks about therapeutics possibilities but penicillin is very hard to purify and to isolate in enough quantities and it is soon forgot. Now we are going to explain how the discovery of penicillin revolutionised medecine.
The research of anti-infectious agents was very active at the beginning of the twentieth century and in particular during the first world war because infections of wounds were the first reason of soldier's death. But it's only at the beginning of the second world war that the pharmacologist Florey and the chemist Chain take agin the works on penicillin. They put in place a culture on a large-scale of a stem of Penicillium notatum obtained through Fleming and suceed to isolate a very low quantity, then a chemist was charged to purify it. Firsts tests in vivo show that penicillin enables to save mouses infected by streptococcus. Next, there are tests on humans: results are very spectacular, infections potentially mortals were cured in few weeks because of penicillin. Quickly, it acquires status of "miraculous medicine", but stocks are almost inadequate because of big difficulties to obtain it. In fact, Penicillium notatum only produces a weak quantity of penicillin and only in a medium rich in oxygen. It decrees to use cultures in surface and it’s more difficult to put in place than cultures in tank. Then, penicillin is very unstable, in particular at weak or high pH, who make its extraction and purification even more difficult.
Firsts tests on humans are very encouraging and Florey tries to involve British pharmaceutical’s firms in the development of the production. But the second world war prevents the realisation of this project in Great-Britain, it’s why researchers emigrate to USA with their precious stem of Penicillium notatum. Big americans pharmaceutical’s firms are included to the project in order to enable a large-scale production. Penicillin is considered like a strategy substance by american publics authorities and its production becomes a war effort : quantities obtained are promptly assign to armed force. A first factory of penicillin is opened and soldiers allies have penicillin for the landing in Normandy. Then, restrictions on penicillin’s delivery are removed because the production is enough ; it almost available in every pharmacies of the country. In nineteen forty five, Fleming, Florey and Chain receive a Nobel Prize of physiology-medicine for « the discovery of penicillin and her curatives impacts on many infectious diseases ».
But sadly, today bacterias by dint of multiply, endure mutations in their DNA which make them resistant to some antibiotics. For example, it's the case for staphylococcus aureus who resists to penicillin and who is a bacteria originally of many infections and food poisoning. Searchers have to tirelessly try to find new antibiotics and that become a race against time to avoid a therapeutic impasse.
I chose to put this topic in the notion of ideas and progress because penicillin is the first antibiotic discovered and which getted a massive industrialisation. Bacterials mortals diseases which didn’t exist a cure sixty years ago, can now be treated because of antibiotics. Today, we consider that their therapeutics utilisation allow to extend life expectancy around ten years, that’s it absolutely not negligible.
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